![]() This study develops a simulation framework to represent independent water management units to realistically assess the effectiveness and feasibility of long-term basin-level water management strategies. Both the behavioral response of human populations and organizations and the performance of managers in achieving their goals have a hydrologic impact on water systems. Water resources are managed by multiple decision makers that share a common resource and differ in their access to water and supply constraints, and simulation frameworks are needed represent the co-evolution of policies, behaviors, and water resources as an emergent outcome due to the interactions among a set of managers within a human-water system. ![]() To better incorporate the concepts of socio-hydrology in managing water systems for improved resilience and sustainability, further research is needed to develop realistic simulations of human-water systems that can be used for decision-making (Di Baldassarre et al., 2016). Research has advanced our understanding of socio-hydrology systems by exploring the co-evolution of humans and water systems (Liu et al., 2014) and characterizing the aspects of social systems, including norms, economics, regulations, and infrastructure choices on water security and community-level resilience (Yu et al., 2017, Scott et al., 2016, Srinivasan et al., 2017, Solander et al., 2016). The field of socio-hydrology focuses on characterizing and integrating hydrologic processes and human interactions within a changing biophysical environment with the objective of understanding co-evolving dynamics, feedbacks, and threshold behaviors that are present across multiple scales (Sivapalan et al., 2012, Sivapalan, 2015). A limited characterization of the dynamics between human and natural systems can hinder the predictive capabilities of models to capture emergent behaviors and system performance (Elshafei et al., 2015). Anthropogenic activities that influence the hydrologic cycle range from direct interactions, such as withdrawals and return flows, to indirect actions, such as land cover change, dam construction, hydropower generation, and anthropogenic climate change (Eslamian and Eslamian, 2017, Shahid et al., 2017, Weiskel et al., 2007). While urban water management is based on the science of hydrologic processes to address depletion of water resources, human activities that alter the natural processes are of scientific interests as well. ![]() Sustainable human water use practices should balance the continued capacity to meet water demands for an increasing population and the protection of groundwater and surface water resources from over-exploitation (Elshafei et al., 2015). Water management is a major challenge for growing urban water systems. The framework provides a holistic approach to incorporate water user, municipal, and basin level objectives in evaluating water reduction strategies for long-term water resilience. A group of municipalities are simulated as agents who share access to a groundwater aquifer in Verde River Basin, Arizona. The framework is applied to explore trade-offs between improvements in water supply sustainability for local resources and water table changes at the basin-level. The ABM is coupled with a groundwater model to evaluate effects on the groundwater table. This research develops an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework to capture the dynamic interactions among household-level consumers and policy makers to simulate water demands. The interactions among water managers, water users, and the water resource components influence the performance of management strategies and the resilience of community-level water supply and groundwater availability. Multiple management units that differ in scale, constraints and objectives may manage a shared resource in a decentralized approach. Groundwater resources are shared across management boundaries.
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